الرئيسية
من طرف student الجمعة مايو 28, 2010 5:37 amالسلام عليكم
هذا ملخص ببعض طرق البحث العلمي والتي تشمل الاستبيان و المقابلة ودراسة الحالة ولكل طريقة من طرق البحث لها محاسنها وعيوبها التي يفترض بالباحث ان يأخذها بعين الاعتبار
| • Know why you are researching this problem ,in this way • Know how the method, instrument and data fit the theory • Know what you expect back • Know how you will analyse data | Questionnaire research |
| • Define population accurately and justify sample • Are you seeking for facts or opinions? • Who will respond, How you will know? • Avoid sending questionnaires to parties already receive a lot of them • Identify constrains; numbers, cost, length and time. How administrated | Parameters |
| • Make it pretty e.g. coloured and easy to be filled • Check layout, overall impression • Length of questionnaire (if you state a time you have to comply with it) • Why & How results will be collected & tabulated, by whom? • Determine timescale for data entry and analysis | Style & Design (general) |
| • Clear, simple and understandable (using words that gives one meaning) • Logical order for questions, deduce questions from theory • Avoid ambiguity • Don’t use leading questions, Don’t assume • Keep focus narrow , and keep minimum number of questions • The more questions are in boxes and multiple choice , the better | Design |
| • Facts e.g £ , gender , Fact scales E.g. age of company • Binary e.g. yes/no , Rank ordering , weighting • Use Likert scale; 1 (bad) ….5 (good) • Group questions into general areas • Keep style consistent • Use a mix of open and closed questions, Leave spaces for comments | Style |
| • Pre-test and amend on your colleague / friends , amend • Confidentiality | Administrating the questionnaire |
| • Assume 10-20% is it enough? • See if it representative or not? | Response rates |
| • Address each envelope to a named respondent • Covering letter , send reminder • Offering prize , usually reply paid return envelopes | Improving response rates |
| Questionnaire Disadvantages • Non-response • Misunderstandings • Difficult to know the respondent • Difficult to know how careful it is filled • Must be brief to get respondents to fill them• | Questionnaire Advantages • Greater coverage (number-area) • Quicker & cheaper than interviews • Less research bias • Statistical analysis is possible • Data tangible and re-useable • Potential success in getting sensitive data • Gives respondents time 2 think ab answer |
| • Date them as they come in • Code an empty questionnaire , then code the data • Number the questionnaires • Enter the data onto a spreadsheet for data input errors & inconsistencies | Receiving filled questionnaire back |
| • 3 passes: - broad descriptive statistics - what you where initially looking for - new things the data can tell you | Data Analysis |
| • Compare initial and late responses for differences • Compare first and second mailings for difference • Calculate descriptive statistics for sample respondents: male/female. Age, industry… • Test variations from known population statistics | Testing sample for bias |
| • Normality : Histogram of all respondents • Calculate mean , SD , Median for all questions responses • Test weather mean (median) responses is different from neutral | Beginning to analyse the data |
| • Questionnaire tell you what somebody worte on your piece of paper one day • Theory , faith and inference help you relate this to what you are interested in | Conclusion |
يتبع باقي طرق البحث العلمي في اضافة اخرى بعون الله
والله اعلم
